Operators and Global Functions

Global Function Icons

List of Operators

Symbol	Description
+	Addition (Unary Plus)
-	Subtraction (Unary Minus)
*	Multiplication
/	Division
**	Exponentiation
%	Modulo/Modulus
//	Integer Division
==	Equals
!=	Not Equals
<	Less Than
>	Greater Than
>=	Greater Than or Equal to
<=	Less Than or Equal to
and	Logical AND
or	Logical OR
not	Logical NOT
&	Bitwise AND
|	Bitwise OR
~	Bitwise NOT
^	Bitwise XOR
<<	Bitwise Left Shift
>>	Bitwise Right Shift
in	Check for Membership
->	Specify a range of numbers or letters, only when constructing dictionary keys in batches

List of Global Functions

Type	Global Function	Parameter 1	Parameter 2	Parameter 3	Description	Detailed Usage
General	len	value: List, Set, Str, Dict			Return the length of a complex type data
General	range	start: Number/DateTime	end: Number/DateTime	step=1	Generate a list within a specified range
General	copy	value: Any			Copy an object
General	map	function: Function/lambda	object: List/Number, List/Number,...		Apply a function to each element of a list and return a new list	1
General	filter	function: Function/lambda	object: List/Dict		Apply a function to each element of a List or each Key in a Dict, creating a new List or Dict containing elements where the function returns True	2
General	rgb	red: Int	green: Int	blue: Int	Generate an RGB hexadecimal color code string from three [0, 255] values
General	hsl	h: Number	s: Number	l: Number	Generate an HSL hexadecimal color code string from three values
Conversion	string	value: Value			Convert any simple type to String
Conversion	number	value: String			Convert a string to Number
Conversion	int	value: Number			Convert a Number to an integer (round down)
Conversion	bool	value: Value			Convert a simple type to Bool, "" and 0 are False
Conversion	list	empty/value: List /value: Set/ value: Dict			Convert to List	3
Conversion	set	empty/value: List /value: Set/ value: Dict			Convert to Set	Similar to 3
Conversion	dict				Generate an empty dict, same as	Similar to 3
Random	random	a: Number	b: Number		Return a random number following a uniform distribution within range [a, b)
Random	randint	a: Number	b: Number		Return a random integer following a uniform distribution within range [a, b]
Random	normal	u: Number	v: Number		Return a random number following a normal distribution with mean u and standard deviation v
Random	possion	u: Number			Return a random number following a Poisson distribution with a specified mean (u)
Random	bernoulli	p: Number			Return a random number (0 or 1) following a Bernoulli distribution with probability p
Random	random_exp	lambda: Number >0			Return random values following an exponential distribution according to a specified arrival rate
Mathematical	abs	value: Number			Return the absolute value
Mathematical	sqrt	value: Number			Return the square root
Mathematical	cbrt	value: Number			Return the cube root
Mathematical	exp	value: Number			Return the exponential function with base e → e^x
Mathematical	exp2	value: Number			Return the power function with base 2 → 2^x
Mathematical	log	value: Number			Return the natural logarithm of a specified value
Mathematical	log2	value: Number			Return the base-2 logarithm
Mathematical	log10	value: Number			Return the base-10 logarithm
Mathematical	sin	radian: Number			Sine function, parameter in radians
Mathematical	cos	radian: Number			Cosine function
Mathematical	tan	radian: Number			Tangent function
Mathematical	asin	value: Number			Arcsine function
Mathematical	acos	value: Number			Arccosine function
Mathematical	atan	value: Number			Arctangent function, range (-PI/2, PI/2)
Mathematical	atan2	y-coordinate: Number	x-coordinate: Number		Return the angle with the positive X-axis, range (-PI, PI)
Mathematical	sinh	value: Number			Hyperbolic sine function
Mathematical	cosh	value: Number			Hyperbolic cosine function
Mathematical	tanh	value: Number			Hyperbolic tangent function
Mathematical	asinh	value: Number			Inverse Hyperbolic sine function
Mathematical	acosh	value: Number			Inverse Hyperbolic cosine function
Mathematical	atanh	value: Number			Inverse Hyperbolic tangent function
Mathematical	factorial	n: Int			Return the factorial of a non-negative integer n!
Mathematical	trunc	value: Number			Truncates a number to an integer by removing the decimal part
Mathematical	ceil	value: Number			Round a number up to the smallest integer greater than or equal to the original value
Mathematical	floor	value: Number			Round a number down to the largest integer less than or equal to the original value
Mathematical	round	value: Number	p=0		Round to the nearest p decimal places
Mathematical	isnan	value: Number			Check if a numeric value is NaN (Not a Number)
Mathematical	isinf	value: Number			Check if a numeric value is infinite (returns True for both positive and negative infinity)
Statistical	max	value list: [Number]/value set: {Number}			Return the maximum value from multiple numbers or a list
Statistical	min	value list: [Number]/value set: {Number}			Return the minimum value
Statistical	mean	value list: [Number]/value set: {Number}			Return the average value
Statistical	median	value list: [Number]/value set: {Number}			Return the median value
Statistical	sum	value list: [Number]/value set: {Number}			Return the sum
Statistical	prod	value list: [Number]/value set: {Number}			Return the product
Statistical	var	value list: [Number]/value set: {Number}			Return the variance
Statistical	std	value list: [Number]/value set: {Number}			Return the standard deviation
Built-in	NearestDistance	entity1: Agent/Cell/coordinate1: [Number, Number]	entity2: Agent/Cell/coordinate2: [Number, Number]	(space: Cell)	Calculate the shortest distance between a specific object and other objects, taking into account whether the cell space is set to wraparound or not.	4
Built-in	AngleTowards	entity1: Agent/Cell/coordinate1: [Number, Number]	entity2: Agent/Cell/coordinate2: [Number, Number]	(space: Cell)	Compute the angle of a certain object relative to another, based on the shortest distance path.	Similar to 4
Local Construction	ProductJoin	lists: List, List, ...	sep = "-"		Calculate the Cartesian product of multiple lists and join each element with a delimiter, only used for constructing dictionary keys in bulk
Construction	defaultdict	value: Any			Generate a dict with default values set to value
Construction	datetime	year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0			Generate a date value from specified year, month, day, hour, minute, and second
Construction	datetime	value: String(yyyy-mm-ddTHH:MM:SS)			Generate a date in ISO 8601 format
Construction	fromtimestamp	ts: Number			Generate a date from a timestamp

Supplementary Explanation of Detailed Usage

1. map

• map applies a function to each element in a List sequentially, returning a new List.

• The first parameter is a function—either a named function or an anonymous function defined by the lambda keyword. The function's required parameter count determines how many targets will be processed.

• All subsequent parameters serve as processing targets and can be either List type or other data types:

  • If multiple processing targets are Lists, the system processes them using the length of the shortest List.

  • If a processing target contains a Value, the system uses broadcast processing - applying that value consistently while following the shortest List length.

  • If a processing target contains a Dict, the system creates a List from all its keys for processing, without maintaining any specific key order.

Examples

• map(abs, [1, -2, 3]) returns [1, 2, 3].

• map(lambda x,y: 2*x + y, [1,2,3], 4) returns [6, 8, 10].

2. filter

• filter applies a function to each element in a List or each Key in a Dict, creating a new List or Dict containing elements where the function returns True.
• The first parameter is a function — either a function name or an anonymous function defined by the lambda keyword. This function should return a Boolean value.
• The second parameter is the target to be processed. If it's a List type, the final return value will be a List; if it's a Dict type, the final return value will be a Dict.

Examples

• filter(lambda x: x>0, [1,-2,3]) returns [1,3].
• filter(lambda s: s.contains("x"), {"x1":20, "x2":30,"y1":40}) returns {"x1":20, "x2":30}.

3. list

• If the parameter is a list, a copy is made.
• If the parameter is a set, all elements are used to generate a list.
• If the parameter is a dict, all keys are used to generate a list.
• If no parameters are provided, an empty list is generated.

4. NearestDistance

• The NearestDistance function calculates the shortest distance between two entities(Agents or Cells) or coordinate points in a wraparound setting. It can calculate distances between entities, between coordinates and entities, or between coordinates.
• If the first two parameters are both coordinates, the third parameter should be passed as a Cell entity to specify the Cell space.

5. About inf

• The expression 1/0 returns inf instead of throwing an error.
• Both expressions isinf(number("-inf")) and isinf(number("inf")) return True.
• The expressions number("inf") > 0 or number("inf") > number("-inf") will return True.